Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and self-correction. Particular applications of AI include  expert systems ,  speech recognition   and  machine vision . AI can be categorized as either  weak  or  strong . Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, is an AI system that is designed and trained for a particular task. Virtual personal assistants, such as Apple's Siri, are a form of weak AI. Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence, is an AI system with generalized human cognitive abilities. When presented with an unfamiliar task, a strong AI system is able to find a solution without human intervention. Because hardware, software and staffing costs for AI can be expensive, many v...

Machine code  is a computer program written in  machine language   instructions  that can be executed directly by a  computer 's  central processing unit  (CPU). Each instruction causes the CPU to perform a very specific task, such as a load, a store, a  jump , or an  ALU  operation on one or more units of data in  CPU registers  or memory. Machine code is a strictly numerical language which is intended to run as fast as possible, and may be regarded as the lowest-level representation of a  compiled  or  assembled   computer program  or as a primitive and  hardware -dependent  programming language . While it is possible to write programs directly in machine code, it is tedious and error prone to manage individual bits and calculate numerical addresses and constants manually. For this reason, programs are very rarely written directly in machine code in modern contexts, but may be done ...

Most researchers agree that a super intelligent  AI is unlikely to exhibit human emotions like love or hate, and that there is no reason to expect AI to become intentionally benevolent or malevolent.  Instead, when considering how AI might become a risk, experts think two scenarios most likely: The AI is programmed to do something devastating:   Autonomous weapons are artificial intelligence systems that are programmed to kill. In the hands of the wrong person, these weapons could easily cause mass casualties. Moreover, an AI arms race could inadvertently lead to an AI war that also results in mass casualties. To avoid being thwarted by the enemy, these weapons would be designed to be extremely difficult to simply “turn off,” so humans could plausibly lose control of such a situation. This risk is one that’s present even with narrow AI, but grows as levels of AI intelligence and autonomy increase. The AI is programmed to do something be...

Intelligent robots and artificial beings first appeared in the ancient Greek myths of Antiquity. Aristotle's development of the syllogism and it's use of deductive reasoning was a key moment in mankind's quest to understand its own intelligence. While the roots are long and deep, the history of artificial intelligence as we think of it today spans less than a century. The following is a quick look at some of the most important events in AI.  1943 Warren McCullough and Walter Pitts publish "A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity." The paper proposed the first mathematic model for building a neural network.  1949 In his book  The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory,  Donald Hebb proposes the theory that neural pathways are created from experiences and that connections between neurons become stronger the more frequently they're used. Hebbian learning continues to be an important model in AI. 1950...

Artificial intelligence generally false under two broad categories:  Narrow AI:  Sometimes referred to as "Weak AI," this kind of artificial intelligence operates within a limited context and is a simulation of human intelligence. Narrow AI is often focused on performing a single task extremely well and while these machines may seem intelligent, they are operating under far more constraints and limitations than even the most basic human intelligence.    Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) : AGI, sometimes referred to as "Strong AI," is the kind of artificial intelligence we see in the movies, like the robots from  Westworld  or Data from  Star Trek: The Next Generation . AGI is a machine with general intelligence and, much like a human being, it can apply that intelligence to solve any problem.  Machine Learning & Deep Learning Artificial General Intelligence Narrow AI is all around us and is easily t...

Less than a decade after breaking the Nazi encryption machine Enigma and helping the Allied Forces win World War II, mathematician Alan Turing changed history a second time with a simple question: "Can machines think?"  Turing's paper " Computing Machinery and Intelligence " (1950), and it's subsequent Turing Test, established the fundamental goal and vision of artificial intelligence.    At it's core, AI is the branch of computer science that aims to answer Turing's question in the affirmative. It is the endeavor to replicate or simulate human intelligence in machines. Thinking humanly Thinking rationally Acting humanly  Acting rationally The expansive goal of artificial intelligence has given rise to many questions and debates. So much so, that no singular definition of the field is universally accepted.   The major limitation in defining AI as simply "building machines that are intelligent" is that it doesn't...

AI is being implemented in university settings to aid in student learning, particularly for students with learning disabilities. With more students learning remotely and universities seeking ways to further provide assistive technologies to students who need it. These students include  the 20,000 deaf or hard of hearing students  who attend post-secondary educational institutions each year. AI is being used to capture important data, provide transcription and captioning live in lectures, and  more . The  Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) , which came into law in 1990, pushed many universities to invest more in assistive technologies which are rooted in AI. Now, universities are moving from a reactionary approach to this law which requires them to provide tools, but to implement AI technologies to aid in the learning of all students and  create personalized learning experiences  for them through video recommendations and more data. Video games Main...